一、分類與特性：不同場景的 “專屬配方”

1、 Classification and Characteristics: "Exclusive Formulas" for Different Scenarios

根據(jù)瀝青種類和骨料級配，瀝青料可分為幾大類型，各有獨特優(yōu)勢：

According to the type of asphalt and aggregate grading, asphalt can be divided into several types, each with unique advantages:

1. 普通瀝青料：經(jīng)濟實用的 “基礎(chǔ)款”

1. Ordinary asphalt material: an economical and practical "basic model"

由普通石油瀝青與骨料混合而成，適合交通量中等的道路，如小區(qū)道路、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)公路。它的優(yōu)點是成本較低、施工方便，常溫下能快速凝固，缺點是高溫下可能輕微軟化（濟南夏季高溫時需控制車流量較大路段的使用），低溫下韌性稍差，適合氣候溫和的場景。

Made by mixing ordinary petroleum asphalt with aggregates, suitable for roads with moderate traffic volume, such as residential roads and township roads. Its advantages are low cost, easy construction, and rapid solidification at room temperature. The disadvantage is that it may soften slightly at high temperatures (during high temperatures in Jinan, it is necessary to control the use of roads with high traffic flow in summer), and its toughness is slightly poor at low temperatures, making it suitable for mild climate scenarios.

2. 改性瀝青料：耐用抗造的 “加強版”

2. Modified asphalt material: a durable and resistant "enhanced version"

在普通瀝青中加入橡膠、樹脂等改性劑（類似給瀝青 “升級配方”），讓瀝青的韌性和耐高溫、抗低溫能力大幅提升。例如，加入 SBS 橡膠的改性瀝青，高溫時不易軟化變形，低溫時不易開裂，適合濟南的城市主干道、高速公路，能承受重載車輛（如貨車、公交車）的頻繁碾壓，使用壽命比普通瀝青料延長 30% 以上。

Adding modifiers such as rubber and resin to ordinary asphalt (similar to upgrading the formula of asphalt) greatly improves the toughness, high temperature resistance, and low temperature resistance of asphalt. For example, modified asphalt with SBS rubber is not easily softened or deformed at high temperatures, and is not easily cracked at low temperatures. It is suitable for urban main roads and highways in Jinan and can withstand frequent crushing by heavy-duty vehicles (such as trucks and buses). Its service life is extended by more than 30% compared to ordinary asphalt.

3. 瀝青瑪蹄脂碎石（SMA）：細膩抗滑的 “高端款”

3. Asphalt mastic crushed stone (SMA): a delicate and anti-skid "high-end model"

骨料中加入更多粗碎石和礦粉，瀝青含量更高，并添加纖維穩(wěn)定劑，形成密實且粗糙的表面。這種瀝青料的空隙率低（小于 7%），防水性強，表面的粗糙紋理能增加輪胎與路面的摩擦力，雨天不易打滑，常用于濟南的橋梁、陡坡或高速彎道等對安全要求高的路段。

Add more coarse gravel and mineral powder to the aggregate, increase the asphalt content, and add fiber stabilizers to form a dense and rough surface. This type of asphalt material has a low porosity (less than 7%), strong waterproofing, and a rough surface texture that can increase the friction between the tire and the road surface. It is not easy to slip on rainy days and is commonly used in Jinan's bridges, steep slopes, or high-speed bends that require high safety.

二、選購瀝青料的實用建議

2、 Practical suggestions for selecting asphalt materials

1. 根據(jù)交通量選 “強度與韌性”

1. Select "Strength and Resilience" based on traffic volume

低交通量（小區(qū)、支路）：選擇普通瀝青料，骨料級配偏細（如 AC-13），成本低且施工便捷。

Low traffic volume (residential areas, branch roads): Choose ordinary asphalt materials with fine aggregate gradation (such as AC-13), low cost and convenient construction.

高交通量（主干道、高速）：優(yōu)先改性瀝青料或 SMA，骨料級配偏粗（如 AC-25），并關(guān)注瀝青的針入度（反映硬度，數(shù)值越小越硬），濟南地區(qū)建議選擇針入度 60-80（1/10 毫米）的瀝青，兼顧軟硬平衡。

High traffic volume (main roads, highways): Priority should be given to modified asphalt materials or SMA, with coarse aggregate gradation (such as AC-25), and attention should be paid to the penetration degree of asphalt (reflecting hardness, the smaller the value, the harder it is). It is recommended to choose asphalt with a penetration degree of 60-80 (1/10 millimeter) in Jinan area, taking into account the balance of hardness and softness.

2. 結(jié)合氣候選 “溫度適應(yīng)性”

2. Choose "temperature adaptability" based on climate

高溫天氣（夏季 35℃以上）：選擇軟化點（瀝青開始軟化的溫度）≥50℃的瀝青料，避免路面出現(xiàn)車轍，改性瀝青的軟化點通常比普通瀝青高 10-15℃，更適合濟南夏季。

High temperature weather (above 35 ℃ in summer): Choose asphalt materials with a softening point (the temperature at which asphalt begins to soften) ≥ 50 ℃ to avoid rutting on the road surface. The softening point of modified asphalt is usually 10-15 ℃ higher than that of ordinary asphalt, making it more suitable for summer in Jinan.

低溫天氣（冬季 - 10℃以下）：關(guān)注瀝青的延度（低溫下拉伸不斷的能力），延度≥100 厘米的瀝青料抗裂性更好，減少冬季路面開裂風險。

Low temperature weather (below -10 ℃ in winter): Pay attention to the ductility of asphalt (the ability to stretch continuously at low temperatures). Asphalt with a ductility of ≥ 100 centimeters has better crack resistance and reduces the risk of road cracking in winter.

3. 查看 “骨料與級配”

3. View "Aggregates and Grading"

優(yōu)質(zhì)瀝青料的骨料潔凈無泥土（泥土會降低粘結(jié)力），碎石表面粗糙多棱角（增加與瀝青的粘結(jié)面積）。級配方面，可通過 “篩分試驗” 查看骨料顆粒分布，確保大、中、小顆粒比例合理，例如 SMA 的粗骨料（≥4.75 毫米）占比需≥70%，形成骨架結(jié)構(gòu)。

The aggregate of high-quality asphalt material is clean and free of soil (soil will reduce the bonding strength), and the surface of the crushed stone is rough and angular (increasing the bonding area with asphalt). In terms of grading, the distribution of aggregate particles can be checked through a "screening test" to ensure that the proportion of large, medium, and small particles is reasonable. For example, the proportion of coarse aggregate (≥ 4.75 mm) in SMA needs to be ≥ 70% to form a skeleton structure.

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